tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-239526232024-03-05T13:54:39.568-08:00Warehouse Business IdeasKey Steps In Starting Your Warehouse BusinessGift Bloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10029393210290668887noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23952623.post-88306283947639826672021-10-13T03:00:00.000-07:002021-10-13T03:00:19.152-07:00Extinguishing The Arc in a Vacuum EnvironmentIn a vacuum arc-suppression device, the contacts diverge in a negative pressure environment where the air density is very low. For exapmle, vacuum interrupter of <a href="https://www.thomasnet.com/profile/30759418/tavrida-electric-north-america-inc.html" target="_blank">Tavrida Electric</a> contain high vacuum (10-6 Pa). The free path of a molecule reaches 50 m, and the free path of an electron reaches 300 m. Under such conditions, the electrical breakdown between the electrodes is difficult due to the absence of charge carriers. The breakdown voltage of a 1 mm long gap in vacuum reaches 100 kV. The process of combustion and extinguishing of the arc in a vacuum at alternating current is as follows.
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<img alt="Extinguishing The Arc in a Vacuum Environment" border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhp_k272F23pjPEm27j0olqRagClF0ptIcTQbo2T8slXsVhq9mH2l58Or5BB9Zu8fts1bmmwR8sBbhcwMPesEH1Tc8PJOqed3qv1n5Qrwr2VvOr6ECSrADrp4ZJYNae753nq75-ORUe7embB5assyEKLIJzKUKWp3pedFaJZB-8D5hniI26Bx8"/>
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When the contacts open, the contact pressure continuously decreases and the transient resistance of the contacts increases and tends to infinity at a pressure equal to zero. Even at low currents at the moment of opening the contacts because of the release of large amounts of heat contact material melts and a liquid metal bridge is formed, which under the influence of high temperature heats up and evaporates. When the bridge breaks, an arc ignites, which burns in the metal vapor environment of the electrodes. The vacuum arc is characterized by a small voltage drop of 20-30 V. Almost 10 µs after the zero current has passed between the contacts, the electrical strength of the vacuum is restored. This is caused by a very fast diffusion of charges due to the large difference in particle densities in the arc and the surrounding vacuum.
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A great advantage of this DU is the high rate of recovery of the electrical strength of the gap. Vacuum circuit breakers are currently the most efficient and durable. Their service life without revision reaches 25 years.The service life of the vacuum circuit breaker contacts is mainly due to the following. The electrons generated by ionization move with tremendous velocity toward the anode. As a result of the bombardment of the anode by electrons, positive ions are produced. The liberated positive ions move to the cathode and destroy it.
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It should be noted that high electric field strengths at small contact distances also contribute to the formation of an arc in a vacuum due to auto-electronic emission. Degasification of the contacts is important for the normal operation of the vacuum circuit breaker, since the gases adsorbed by them are released when heated and degrade the vacuum. In order to remove the gases from the contacts, they are heated to a red glow for several hours.
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<iframe width="600" height="340" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GS0saABd-1M" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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The vacuum arc is characterized by current breaking (cutting off) when approaching the zero value. This is explained by the fact that as the current decreases, the vapor pressure of the metal drops. As a result, the arc becomes unstable and goes out.
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A sharp decrease in current can cause overvoltages that are dangerous to the equipment being switched off. The shear current depends on both the parameters of the circuit to be disconnected and the properties of the contact material. Tungsten is weld-resistant, has a high melting point, and is wear-resistant. However, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" target="_blank">tungsten</a> contacts, shear current and overvoltage values are very high because tungsten vapors create low pressure. Overvoltages in copper contacts are 2.5 times lower, but they are more susceptible to welding and wear. These contradictions are eliminated today by the development and application of special metal-ceramics.Robert Carneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07884978693256854640noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23952623.post-24081182543919090492021-09-17T07:58:00.004-07:002021-10-12T01:41:56.203-07:00Modernization of Complete Switchgears With Tavrida Electric ReclosersToday, few publications devoted to the problems of the electric power industry do not touch upon the concept of "SMART GRID," which literally translates as "smart grid. This concept implies a <a href="https://www.europages.co.uk/TAVRIDA-ELECTRIC/00000005445328-001.html" target="_blank">new technology for controlling the power system</a>, starting from the energy producer and ending with its end consumers.
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<img alt="Modernization of Complete Switchgears" border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRRDQ93t0ejdf-OOII5CD4CW1oO0A6lq4C3kVYUgA7efdw_nxG055mqTt5Ks0-neRJlA868dNHa6PfQHhY2nRAbC-qt-QYmklgUQeYQdFtu1NqHkqaHCiaFcFgoWmT2yvkQo83Mg/s0/modernization-of-complete-switchgears.jpg"/>
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That is why the first term "SMART" is also regarded as an acronym for "Self Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology," and why we will use the term "SG" instead for short. The tasks solved by "SG" are traditional - energy saving and uninterrupted energy supply. Such tasks were set before, but the possibilities of its realization with the advent of such means of communication as the Internet have become truly revolutionary.
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As an example of today's application of SG, Denmark is the most illustrative. In that country, 20% of its electricity is generated by wind turbines. But the wind is a fickle substance, and as it gets stronger, the load on thermal power plants decreases proportionally, and when the wind dies down, the opposite process takes place. This adjustment and its optimization, i.e. the optimal control of the power system is carried out using a remote data transmission system. Another example is based on the varying cost of energy over the course of a day. In the "golden billion" countries this has caused a boom in the production of "SMART GRID" household appliances. When you load the washing machine and press the "START" button, you see on the display: "I suggest you start at 2 a.m. - it will be half the price". Dual-rate meters (day-night) with display of the balance on the screen, the balance of the user's meter on the display of the operator of the power supply company and the ability to implement disconnections for non-payment are from the same series.
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<img alt="Principle of SMART GRID operation" border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7wWW0vdd_yw2pwmZzCJTC61IKE_g-LuI7RakQZaXbcm1lPc5WyadSfWnFy1wqqDQTLud05_ofuupSyOmImCX26qsylWSUR8rxSOCANqjBiZ1Sm22WYqKqgi3RcDupaalm0sh_FQ/s0/smart-grid-tel-reclosers.jpg"/>
Fig. 1. Principle of "SMART GRID by <a href="https://www.wlw.de/en/company/tavrida-electric-8066756" target="_blank">Tavrida Electric</a>" operation
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Many other examples of "SG" realization can be found in publications devoted to this topic, but let's, besides the aspect of energy saving, consider its other side - the desire for uninterrupted power supply to consumers. Fig. 1 shows an example of a city ring power supply system.
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<img alt="The principle of SMART GRID working"border="0" data-original-height="166" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0RTWMWCrGXUKpyKP_lAleJZLw0QHBIfOVxD5klrrKF1wXd5QshU96Erv_3_Mg59w1kz_p7Q-2yfO7KfaSeEj5CQ6P8bZi_1zBX5d2U99HfTfFSgcNOWY3P2GdkakhlR7ryffnKQ/s0/smart-grid-tel-reclosers-work.jpg"/>
Fig. 2. The principle of "SMART GRID".
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All the TP (transformer substations) are powered from the left side, and each of the "three" cells in them (two - the connection of the ring cable and one - a transformer) is equipped with automatic quick-acting circuit breakers, controlled by the command of the system computer. When an emergency situation occurs anywhere in the "ring" the computer collects information from the participants, which on a domestic level can be represented in the form of a question: "Did you miss the short-circuit current?". The same Fig. 1 shows the answers of the participants in the process. After analyzing the answers, the computer commands the circuit breakers to reconfigure the network, as shown in Fig. 2.
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The whole process takes no more than 0.1 second, and not only does none of the consumers lose power, but they don't even feel a failure. Cross-connection substations advocated by TAVRIDA ELECTRIC solve the problem of uninterruptible power supply as effectively as the system described above.
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The following statement is obvious: apart from communication networks, which have enormous possibilities, without appropriate switching devices "SG" will remain only in theory. A legitimate question arises: "Are there electrical apparatuses for the implementation of "TECHNOLOGY" today, fast, maintenance-free, remotely controlled?" In the medium voltage class, the answer is positive. Such apparatuses have existed for 20 years and appeared before the idea of "SMART GRID" appeared - these are vacuum circuit breakers of series BB/TEL.
Robert Carneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07884978693256854640noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23952623.post-47863029659608951842021-08-20T13:11:00.006-07:002021-09-17T07:01:37.290-07:00Comparing Volume of Waste: Fuel vs BatteryTotal fuel consumption of U.S. airlines is approximately 19 billion gallons annually. Total fuel consumption for mining Ore for construction of electric car batteries is approximately 21 billion gallons annually. The 21 billion gallons of fuel burned can only produce enough Ore to build 250,000 electric car batteries.
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<img alt="Fuel vs Battery Electric Car" border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhLjF9OU5AZSweKEu5OVEsfNDIN-YH4ja_5B-V5IQ24Pn-xM_8gNg4Xo9kWkpiKu097tn3joNjO2_ZTvugM679etIhAWSJBmQXIJGTTDDFKX_kfubrbr8mjSFlddkebaownm_lZLP9qQFChPT32wstlmx9DDu1mWLZFt_yZLnARHbnSa-ydlWw=s600" width="600" />
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The lifespan of an electric battery is 10 years and is not renewable in the sense of charge state. If more efforts to recycle are not introduced, by 2050 these batteries will fill landfills with 50 million pounds of waste that does not break down. I wonder if people would still believe in electric power cars, vehicles or equipment if they knew how massive the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" target="_blank">carbon emissions</a> footprint really was?
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So a Tesla Model S motor is 825bhp(615kW) and 960lb.ft with the vehicle weighing 2.3 tons, and a CAT 797 is 4000bhp(3MW) and 6830lb.ft and weighs 687 tons. The Tesla battery is 100kWh (3MJ).
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So at nearly 5 x in power and 7x the torque, the CAT would deck the Tesla battery in 1 second.
3MW=3MJ, so 3MW/3MJ=1 second.
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Extrapolating energy density alone for providing 60 seconds of operation… well 60 * 1,375lbs = 41 tons, 1 hour of operation… 60 times that, so 2,475 tons. Shocking huh!?
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<img alt="Electric car battery waste" border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhvJp7FQyCRE4aq5r09DPM3RqZRz0TxHE6RCGan25Io6trRxktEz6JjgsyXNvZTAV0iXqss_iHu9prZWgUJZzJ0CJGsPC2HgUl2319HvSp2gDJwDTZ37KPNy7ZhVAAr3XGod8mbzKGKlSyNdkPA7FKyulYm-xVno7ksUaSWHblyZzplV6fRM90=s600" width="600" />
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It is the conundrum. Contracting firms, like the airline industry, buy at bulk rates with diminished tax rates. As I had stated to another person, these numbers are a consolidation of some “articles” and “papers” whereby I was just linking industries and their fuel usages. I will be drafting a more thourough study and upload.
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Mining vehicles; front loaders, dump trucks, etc get horrific mileage in-field where it is all or mostly stop and go, resulting in 0.5-1 mile per gallon equivalents. So it’s is actually easy to see the exceptionally high fuel usage.
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One needs to completely <a href="https://www.europages.co.uk/TAVRIDA-ELECTRIC/00000005445328-001.html" target="_blank">account for all energy</a> used in the creation of a product. Understandably, energy costs are rolled up into a product cost. As well, the raw materials of the products are the cheapest and the costs roll up as components are processed. The materials are cheap to mine for the miner, but that’s only as long as the customer is willing pay. Then then costs increase accordingly. As we see that Chinese companies are vertically siloed; mine, process, manufacture, they keep costs down because of slave labor in lithium mines. So meniscule mining costs feeds forward to a cheaper product at the end of it all.Robert Carneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07884978693256854640noreply@blogger.com0